{"id":7539,"date":"2026-06-16T18:21:58","date_gmt":"2026-06-17T02:21:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/szlmi.com\/?p=7539"},"modified":"2026-06-16T21:13:29","modified_gmt":"2026-06-17T05:13:29","slug":"global-crane-safety-standards-2026-a-comparative-analysis-of-eu-us-china-key-international-markets-lmi-regulations","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/szlmi.com\/ar\/global-crane-safety-standards-2026-a-comparative-analysis-of-eu-us-china-key-international-markets-lmi-regulations\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a 2026: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (LMI)"},"content":{"rendered":"

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1. \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 (2021-2033)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\u062d\u062c\u0645
\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 (2021-2033)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0642 LMI \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629
\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (2025) - \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642: 909.6 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629<\/th>\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a (EN 13000)<\/th>\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (ASME B30.5)<\/th>\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 (GB\/T 12602-2020)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead>
\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644<\/td>90% (\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\/\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a)<\/td>90-100% (\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a)<\/td>90% \u2013 95% (\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\/\u0633\u0645\u0639\u064a)<\/td><\/tr>
\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639<\/td>100% (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621)<\/td>100% (\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a)<\/td>100% (\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a)<\/td><\/tr>
\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/td>\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a + \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/td>\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a (\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\/\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a)<\/td><\/tr>
\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/td>\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 %<\/td>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2.1 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0646\u0641\u0651\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 2006\/42\/EC \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 1.3.7 \"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639\" \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 1.5.13 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \"\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\".<\/p>\n\n\n\n

EN 13000:2004 - \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a - \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 EN 13000 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f 4.2.6.3.7 (\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 1000 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 40000 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0645\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 (\u0623\u062e\u0636\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f)\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 5 \u0623\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \/ \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0641\u061b<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a EN 13000 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 4.2.6.2.2) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 1 (\u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 2 (\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a EN 954-1:1996. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    EN 13849-1 \u2014 Machinery safety<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 LMI \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 EN 13849-1 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 (\u0645\u0646 PL a \u0625\u0644\u0649 PL e) \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 LMI \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0641\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 PL d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 (\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645) \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 (OSHA) \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 (ASME)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 LMI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 29 CFR 1926 1926 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a CC<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 (OSHA) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2010\u060c \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 (LMIs) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 1926.1412(\u062f)(1) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 1926.1412(\u062f)(2) \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    ASME B30.5-2021 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASME B30.5 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 (OSHA). \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f 5-1.9.10.2 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a: \"\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0633\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 3 \u0623\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0646 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644)\". \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0646\u0632\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ASME B30.5 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 (LMI) \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 100% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0644\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\/\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    2.3 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T 12602-2020\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0637\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    GB\/T12602-2020 \u2014 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

    \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0641\u064a 1 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2020\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 GB\/T12602-2009 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644\u064d \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f - \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 LMI - \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    1. \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 -20 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 +60 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0637\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 90\u066a \u0639\u0646\u062f 20 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 2000 \u0645\u062a\u0631.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. \u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631<\/strong>\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 90% \u0625\u0644\u0649 95% \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 100% \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0639. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0646 75 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0644 (A) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636<\/strong>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 0% \u0648+5%\u061b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u2265 65 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 0 \u0648-2 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629\u061b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 0% \u0648+2%.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629<\/strong>\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 1000 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      2.4 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a (ISO\/IEC)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 (ISO) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (IEC) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      ISO 8686-1:2012 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u2014 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 ISO 8686-1 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 LMI \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      IEC 61508 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 LMI \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 IEC 61508 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 SIL 1 \u0625\u0644\u0649 SIL 4). \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a LMI \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 SIL 2 (\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u0646 100 \u0625\u0644\u0649 1000)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u200b\u200b\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 (PFDavg) \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 SIL 1 \u0645\u0646 10\u207b\u00b2 \u0625\u0644\u0649 10\u207b\u00b9\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u200b\u200b\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 SIL 4 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 10\u207b\u2075 \u0625\u0644\u0649 10\u207b\u2074.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      IEC 60204-1:2018 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

      \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 IEC 60204-1 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 LMI \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      2.5 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (LOLER 1998) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \"\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\"\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \"\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\". \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f 7(\u0628) \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \"\u0628\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0629\". \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646 (LMI).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 AS 2550.1:2011 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 IS 3177:2020 \u0648 IS 4573:2022 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ISO \u0648 EN\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 LMI \u0625\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 ASME \u0623\u0648 EN \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642
      \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u200b\u200b\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      3. \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7543,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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